2020年高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解備考技巧 (2)

　　專題2 閱讀理解專題之----文章出處及文體類型題

　　【設(shè)問形式】

　　判斷文章出處及文體類型題常見設(shè)問形式：

　　5）The passage is most likely to be taken from______.

　　6）Where would this passage most probably appear?

　　7）The passage is most likely a part of______.

　　8）Where does this text probably come from?

　　5）What type of writing is this text?

　　【考查方式】

　　高考閱讀理解文章出處的考查旨在考查學(xué)生對(duì)一篇文章的內(nèi)容的理解及對(duì)各種文章出處的特點(diǎn)和常識(shí)，對(duì)文章的體裁和題材的準(zhǔn)確把握能力。幾乎所有話題都有可能涉及文章出處、文章類別的的閱讀題目。

　　解答文章出處和文體類型題主要從文章的體裁和題材內(nèi)容來作出判斷�？忌�需要在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上去了解各種出處的特點(diǎn)，以便結(jié)合文章的內(nèi)容、關(guān)鍵詞作出準(zhǔn)確的判斷。首先注意常見的出處類型的特點(diǎn)：如①新聞報(bào)道(newspaper)的首段通常為導(dǎo)語(yǔ)，包括人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或事件等；②科普類雜志(science magazine)或科普類說明文常會(huì)出現(xiàn)scientists have found; the research/study shows that...等表明實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的句子；雜志的文章更為豐富，話題更具體，語(yǔ)言比較輕松活潑；③廣告(advertisement)的用詞和格式特殊，很好辨認(rèn)，廣告可能會(huì)談到某產(chǎn)品的特色、價(jià)格等，會(huì)透露出鼓勵(lì)讀者去了解和購(gòu)買的信息。④產(chǎn)品說明，器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會(huì)有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式，而藥品的服用說明會(huì)有服用時(shí)間、次數(shù)、用量等。⑤研究報(bào)告(report),語(yǔ)言嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真，文章往往保護(hù)具體的數(shù)據(jù)或事實(shí)依據(jù)，實(shí)際情況等。⑥課本教材(textbook),會(huì)使用教化性的語(yǔ)言，說理講解味較為濃厚，對(duì)閱讀對(duì)象的指向性很明確。⑦傳記(biography):歷史性強(qiáng)，時(shí)間線索比較明顯，往往包含重要事件。⑧科幻小說(science fiction):內(nèi)容多為對(duì)某些尚未出現(xiàn)或發(fā)現(xiàn)的科學(xué)發(fā)明等進(jìn)行想象和預(yù)測(cè)。⑨旅行指南(travel guide/guide book): 給旅游者提供一些旅游信息，介紹當(dāng)?shù)氐囊恍┖萌ヌ�，如：餐館、公園、旅游景點(diǎn)等 ⑩網(wǎng)站(website)內(nèi)容廣泛，文章常出現(xiàn)click等網(wǎng)絡(luò)用語(yǔ)。

　　實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

　　【例題】1. 2013 全國(guó)1  B篇

　　They baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert (警覺)。Twenty  centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other,her gaze(凝視) starts to lose its focus - until a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns；she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world?

　　Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer? The same experiment,but with three spots shown before two, shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness? When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects(a comb,a key,an orange and so on),changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make,as opposed to three? No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three, or three to two. The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two; likewise(同樣地) when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.

　　63.Where does this text probably come from?

　　A.Science fiction.  B.Children’s literature.  C.An advertisement.  D.A science report.

　　解析：文章主要講通過研究人員的實(shí)驗(yàn)，來證明嬰兒具備感知數(shù)量的能力。根據(jù)題材內(nèi)容判讀符合研究報(bào)告的特點(diǎn)，所以選D

　　【舉一反三】

　　A

　　There was a lot of news related to artificial intelligence, or AI, and machine learning. Among the stories were two dealing with direct competitions between humans and machines.

　　In one competition, machines that used AI performed better than human beings in a high-level reading test. Two natural language processing tools beat human in the experiment. One of the tools was built by the American technology company Microsoft. The other was created by Chinese online seller Alibaba Group.

　　In another competition, a computer took on humans in live, public debates. The event demonstrated how AI-powered computers are increasingly being developed to think and sound like humans. The organizer of the debates, U. S. technology company IBM, announced split results. It said a majority of those watching said they felt the machine had done more to improve their knowledge of the subject. But, the human got more praise for communicating their ideas.

　　This year, we also explored the many ways AI and machine learning are now being used. For example, some U. S. judges use machine learning systems to help them decide when, and for how long, criminals should be jailed. The system uses computers to examine data from thousands of court cases.

　　One fast-growing area of AI is facial recognition, which is increasingly being used for security purposes. Recently, Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson airport became the first in the U. s. to permit passengers to use facial recognition technology to get on flights. A Chinese company showed off an AI system it developed to recognize individuals by body shape and walking movements. The system is already being used by Chinese police in Beijing and Shanghai.

　　In addition, machine learning was used during 2018 to predict results of the World Cup soccer competition. The technology also created artwork that sold for a large amount of money. And it is being used to help farmer save time and money, while reducing environment-harming chemicals. Other technology systems are being used to follow farm animals and wildlife to collect information on their activities.

　　1. Why were the two competitions mentioned in the passage?

　　A. To show how much better AI and machine learning are than humans.

　　B. To prove AI and machine Learning got more praise for communication.

　　C. To show how powerful AI and machine Learning are.

　　D. To prove AI and machine learning have been used in the work of U. S. judges.

　　2. What are facial and body recognition systems used for in the passage?

　　A. Knowledge learning.   B. Safety control.   C. Office automation.   D. Tracking survey.

　　3. What can we infer from this passage?

　　A. AI has been widely used in every person's daily life.

　　B. Human can be replaced by AI in future completely.

　　C. More attention is being paid to AI in every part of the world.

　　D. More advanced Al is helping people in more and more areas.

　　4. Where is the text probably from?

　　A. A technology report.      B. A natural science magazine.

　　C. science fiction.           D. A government document.

　　A：【解析】這是一篇說明文。人工智能和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)快速發(fā)展，機(jī)器在一些比賽中超過了人類。除此以外，機(jī)器和人工智能被應(yīng)用于很多領(lǐng)域。

　　1. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二第三段可知在第一場(chǎng)比賽中，使用人工智能的機(jī)器表現(xiàn)得比人類更好；在第二個(gè)比賽中，機(jī)器人在公開辯論中挑戰(zhàn)人類，結(jié)果大多數(shù)觀看者認(rèn)為機(jī)器在提高他們對(duì)這門學(xué)科的知識(shí)方面做得更好。這兩個(gè)比賽都體現(xiàn)了人工智能和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的強(qiáng)大，選C。

　　2. 細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“One fast-growing area of AI is facial recognition, which is increasingly being used for security purposes.”可知人工智能的一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的領(lǐng)域是面部識(shí)別，它越來越多地被用于安全目的。故選B。

　　3. 推理判斷題。根據(jù)“some U. S. judges use machine learning systems to help them decide when,”可知一些美國(guó)法官使用機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)系統(tǒng)來幫助他們決定罪犯應(yīng)該被監(jiān)禁的時(shí)間和期限，再根據(jù)最后兩段可知機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和人工智能還被應(yīng)用于安全監(jiān)控和預(yù)測(cè)世界杯足球賽的結(jié)果，保護(hù)環(huán)境等。根據(jù)這些可以推斷機(jī)器在越來越多的領(lǐng)域幫助著人類，故選D。

　　4. 推理判斷題。本文文章主要是關(guān)于人工智能和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的，最有可能是來自于科技報(bào)告（A technology report.），故選A。

　　B

　　Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.

　　Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein (蛋白質(zhì)), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物質(zhì)). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.

　　When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat ”ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.

　　If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.

　　5. What does the author seem to like about cherries?

　　A. They contain protein.      B. They are high in vitamin A.

　　C. They have a pleasant taste.   D. They are rich in antioxidants.

　　6. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?

　　A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.

　　C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.

　　7. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?

　　A. A dessert. B. A drink.

　　C. A container. D. A machine.

　　8.From which is the text probably taken?

　　A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.

　　C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.

　　B：【解析】本文是一篇日常生活類說明文。文中講述了人們熱愛水果豐盛的7月，這時(shí)候各種水果營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富且含有對(duì)人體有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我們可以利用它做一些孩子喜歡的甜點(diǎn)或冰淇淋。

　　5.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。題干問的是，作者喜歡櫻桃什么。根據(jù)第二段中As for cherries (櫻桃), they are so delicious who cares?（至于櫻桃，因?yàn)樗鼈兒芎贸哉l(shuí)在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故選C。

　　6.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鮮的檸檬汁是為了防止香蕉變成褐色，故新鮮的檸檬汁是被用來保持香蕉的顏色的。故選B。

　　7.詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below可知，孩子們喜歡把一些水果和冷凍的香蕉放入到這臺(tái)機(jī)器的上部，然后看到冰激凌從下面出來。故可以推出a juicer就是一臺(tái)機(jī)器。故選D。

　　8.文章出處題。文章首先指出七月是水果盛產(chǎn)的季節(jié)，并指出各種水果富含的營(yíng)養(yǎng)，最后一段指出我們可以用a juicer為孩子們做一些甜點(diǎn)和冰激凌，故最可能是從健康雜志上摘取的文章。A項(xiàng)意為：生物教科書；B項(xiàng)意為：一本健康雜志；C項(xiàng)意為：一篇研究論文；D項(xiàng)意為：一本旅游手冊(cè)。故選B。